As water conservation becomes increasingly critical, many homeowners and landscape designers are seeking low-maintenance, water-wise solutions for their gardens. Ground covers are an excellent choice, suppressing weeds, preventing soil erosion, and adding a lush, verdant layer to the landscape. However, not all ground covers are created equal, especially when it comes to surviving dry spells. Identifying the best drought-tolerant ground cover for your specific needs can transform a water-guzzling lawn into a resilient, beautiful, and eco-friendly space.
Why Choose Drought-Tolerant Ground Cover?
The advantages of selecting ground cover plants that can withstand dry conditions are manifold. Firstly, and most obviously, it significantly reduces your water bill and your reliance on municipal water resources. This is a crucial consideration in many regions experiencing persistent drought or water restrictions.
Beyond water savings, these plants often require less ongoing maintenance. Once established, they are less prone to wilting, disease, and pest infestations that can stress water-dependent species. This translates to less time spent watering, fertilizing, and treating your garden.
Furthermore, drought-tolerant ground covers contribute to a healthier ecosystem. They can help improve soil structure, prevent erosion by binding the soil with their root systems, and provide habitat and food sources for beneficial insects and pollinators. In essence, they promote a more sustainable and resilient landscape.
Key Characteristics of Drought-Tolerant Ground Cover
Understanding what makes a ground cover “drought-tolerant” is essential for making informed choices. These plants have evolved remarkable adaptations to survive and even thrive with minimal water.
Many drought-tolerant ground covers possess small, waxy, or leathery leaves. This reduces water loss through transpiration, the process by which plants release water vapor. Some have silvery or grayish foliage, which reflects sunlight and further minimizes heat absorption and water loss.
Root systems are another critical adaptation. Drought-tolerant ground covers often develop deep taproots that can access water reserves far below the surface, or extensive, shallow root systems that efficiently capture any available moisture.
Succulent plants, with their fleshy leaves and stems, are masters of water storage. They can absorb and retain significant amounts of water, allowing them to endure long periods without rain.
Top Drought-Tolerant Ground Cover Options
Selecting the perfect ground cover depends on various factors, including your climate, soil type, sunlight exposure, and aesthetic preferences. Here are some of the most popular and effective drought-tolerant ground cover choices:
Low-Growing Sedums (Stonecrop)
Sedums are arguably the champions of drought tolerance. These succulents are incredibly forgiving and come in a vast array of textures, colors, and growth habits, making them versatile for diverse garden applications.
Their fleshy leaves store water, allowing them to thrive in hot, dry conditions. Sedums prefer well-draining soil and full sun. Once established, they require very little watering, even in arid climates.
Popular varieties include Sedum ‘Angelina’ with its bright chartreuse foliage that turns coppery in winter, Sedum spurium varieties like ‘Dragon’s Blood’ with deep red leaves, and the low-growing Sedum album. They spread readily to form a dense, weed-suppressing mat. Their small, star-shaped flowers in summer also attract pollinators.
Thymus (Thyme)
Many varieties of thyme are excellent drought-tolerant ground covers, particularly the creeping types. They are known for their aromatic foliage and attractive small flowers, often in shades of pink, purple, or white.
Creeping thyme species, such as Thymus serpyllum (Mother of Thyme), form a dense, mat-like growth that can withstand foot traffic, making them ideal for pathways or between stepping stones. They also release a delightful fragrance when stepped upon.
Thyme thrives in full sun and well-draining soil. It is incredibly low-maintenance once established, requiring minimal watering and occasional trimming to maintain its shape. Its ability to tolerate poor soil conditions further enhances its drought-resistant appeal.
Delosperma (Ice Plant)
Ice plants, particularly the hardy varieties, are stunning and remarkably drought-tolerant. They are succulents with bright, often jewel-toned flowers that bloom prolifically throughout the summer months.
The name “ice plant” comes from the small, glistening, crystal-like hairs on their leaves and stems, which help reflect sunlight and reduce water loss. They are exceptionally well-suited to hot, dry climates and rocky or sandy soils.
Delosperma cooperi is a popular choice, featuring vibrant magenta flowers. These ground covers spread readily to form a dense carpet. They prefer full sun and excellent drainage; waterlogged conditions can be detrimental.
Veronica Prostrata (Prostrate Speedwell)
Prostrate speedwell is a charming and tough ground cover that offers attractive foliage and delicate, typically blue or purple flower spikes in late spring and early summer.
This perennial is known for its resilience and ability to tolerate dry conditions once established. It prefers full sun to partial shade and well-draining soil. Its low, spreading habit effectively suppresses weeds and creates a neat, tidy appearance.
Veronica prostrata is hardy and adaptable, making it a reliable choice for various garden settings. It requires minimal care beyond occasional watering during prolonged dry spells and light trimming to encourage bushier growth.
Cerastium Tomentosum (Snow-in-Summer)
Snow-in-Summer is a vigorous and beautiful ground cover that lives up to its name with masses of white, star-shaped flowers that appear in late spring, covering the silvery foliage like a blanket of snow.
This perennial spreads readily to form a dense mat, effectively suppressing weeds and preventing soil erosion. It is incredibly drought-tolerant once established and thrives in full sun and well-draining soil.
The silvery-gray foliage provides a lovely contrast to other garden plants, and its low-growing nature makes it ideal for rock gardens, borders, or as a cascading element over walls. While it can be a bit aggressive in fertile soil, its drought tolerance makes it a valuable asset in drier landscapes.
Eschscholzia Californica (California Poppy)
While often grown as an annual or short-lived perennial, the California poppy can naturalize and self-seed, forming a beautiful, vibrant ground cover in suitable conditions. Its bright orange, cup-shaped flowers are iconic.
California poppies are exceptionally drought-tolerant and prefer poor, well-draining soil and full sun. They are incredibly low-maintenance, requiring no extra watering once established and often thriving on neglect.
Their fine, feathery foliage adds a delicate texture to the garden. They are particularly well-suited for xeriscaping, naturalistic plantings, and areas where a splash of color is desired without much fuss.
Gazania Rigens (Treasure Flower)
Gazanias are South African natives renowned for their daisy-like flowers in a dazzling array of vibrant colors, including orange, yellow, red, and pink. They are exceptionally heat and drought-tolerant.
These perennial ground covers thrive in full sun and well-draining soil. Their leathery leaves are adapted to conserve water, and they are known to bloom profusely even in the driest conditions.
Gazanias are excellent for sunny, dry slopes, rock gardens, or as a colorful edging plant. They are relatively low-maintenance, requiring minimal watering and deadheading to encourage continuous blooming.
Aptenia Cordifolia (Heartleaf Ice Plant)
This succulent ground cover is a vigorous spreader with heart-shaped, bright green leaves and small, star-shaped magenta flowers that bloom for extended periods. It is incredibly tolerant of heat and drought.
Heartleaf ice plant thrives in full sun to partial shade and prefers well-draining soil. It forms a dense, mat-like cover that effectively suppresses weeds and prevents erosion.
It is particularly useful in coastal regions or areas with sandy soil, as it is also tolerant of salt spray. While it can be somewhat invasive in very mild climates, its drought-fighting capabilities make it a valuable option for arid landscapes.
Factors to Consider When Choosing
Beyond the inherent drought tolerance of a plant, several other factors should influence your decision to ensure a successful and aesthetically pleasing ground cover.
Sunlight Exposure
Understanding the amount of sun your chosen area receives is paramount. Some drought-tolerant ground covers, like sedums and gazanias, demand full sun to thrive and bloom. Others, such as certain varieties of Veronica, can tolerate partial shade, offering more flexibility in planting locations. Always match the plant’s light requirements to your site.
Soil Type and Drainage
Drought-tolerant plants generally prefer well-draining soil. They dislike being waterlogged, which can lead to root rot. If your soil is heavy clay, amending it with compost or grit can significantly improve drainage. Sandy soils are often ideal for many drought-tolerant species. Consider testing your soil to understand its composition and pH.
Climate and Hardiness Zone
It is crucial to select ground covers that are suited to your specific climate and USDA hardiness zone. A plant that thrives in a hot, dry desert climate might not survive a harsh, cold winter in another region. Research the hardiness of each potential ground cover to ensure it can withstand your local temperature extremes.
Growth Habit and Spread
Consider how quickly and aggressively the ground cover spreads. Some, like creeping thyme and sedums, form a dense, even mat, ideal for weed suppression. Others, like California poppies, can be more naturalistic and self-seeding. Ensure the growth habit aligns with your desired aesthetic and whether you want a very uniform or a more relaxed look.
Foot Traffic Tolerance
If the ground cover will be used in an area with regular foot traffic, such as between paving stones or along a pathway, you will need a more robust and resilient option. Creeping thyme and some low-growing sedums are known for their ability to withstand moderate foot traffic.
Aesthetic Appeal
The visual appeal of the ground cover is as important as its practical benefits. Consider the foliage color and texture, as well as any flowering characteristics. You might want a vibrant splash of color, a subtle, silvery sheen, or a rich green carpet. Mixing and matching different drought-tolerant ground covers can create a dynamic and visually interesting landscape.
Establishing Your Drought-Tolerant Ground Cover
Successfully establishing your chosen ground cover is key to its long-term survival and minimal watering needs.
Preparation is Key
Begin by thoroughly preparing the planting area. Remove all existing weeds, grass, and debris. Loosen the soil to a depth of at least 6-8 inches, incorporating compost or other organic matter if your soil is poor or compacted. This initial preparation ensures good root development and drainage.
Planting Techniques
When planting, whether from seeds, plugs, or potted plants, ensure good soil-to-root contact. For seeds, follow the specific planting depth instructions. For plugs or potted plants, dig a hole slightly larger than the root ball and gently place the plant in the hole, backfilling with soil.
Spacing is important. Overcrowding can lead to poor air circulation, while spacing plants too far apart will leave gaps for weeds to establish. Consult the plant’s specific recommendations for optimal spacing.
Initial Watering
While the goal is drought tolerance, all new plantings require regular watering to establish their root systems. Water deeply and consistently for the first few weeks, allowing the soil to dry slightly between waterings. This encourages the roots to grow downwards, seeking moisture.
Once the plants are well-established (typically after a few months), you can gradually reduce watering frequency. Monitor the soil moisture, and only water when the top inch or two of soil feels dry.
Mulching for Success
Applying a layer of mulch around your newly planted ground cover offers several benefits. It helps retain soil moisture, suppress weeds, regulate soil temperature, and gradually adds nutrients as it decomposes. Opt for organic mulches like shredded bark, wood chips, or compost. Keep the mulch a few inches away from the plant stems to prevent rot.
Long-Term Care and Maintenance
Once your drought-tolerant ground cover is established, its maintenance needs are generally very low.
Occasional watering during prolonged, extreme drought conditions may be necessary to keep the plants healthy and vibrant. However, the goal is to train them to rely on natural rainfall.
Pruning or trimming may be required for some varieties to maintain their shape, encourage bushier growth, or remove any dead or damaged foliage. This is usually done once a year, typically in late winter or early spring before new growth begins.
As with any garden, occasional weeding may be necessary, especially in the initial stages before the ground cover has fully filled in. Once a dense carpet has formed, it will effectively outcompete most weeds.
Conclusion: Embracing Water-Wise Beauty
Choosing the best drought-tolerant ground cover is a strategic move towards a more sustainable, low-maintenance, and beautiful garden. By understanding the characteristics of these resilient plants and considering your specific site conditions, you can transform water-hungry areas into thriving, water-wise landscapes. From the robust sedums to the fragrant thymes and the vibrant gazanias, a plethora of options exist to suit every taste and garden style. Embrace the principles of xeriscaping and enjoy a garden that is not only visually appealing but also environmentally responsible.
What are the benefits of using drought-tolerant ground cover?
Using drought-tolerant ground cover offers numerous advantages for homeowners and the environment. Primarily, it significantly reduces water consumption, which is crucial in arid regions or during periods of water scarcity. This not only lowers your water bill but also contributes to water conservation efforts. Beyond water savings, these plants are generally low-maintenance, requiring less frequent mowing, fertilizing, and pest control, freeing up your time and resources.
Furthermore, drought-tolerant ground covers are excellent for preventing soil erosion. Their dense root systems help to stabilize soil, preventing it from being washed away by rain or wind. They also help suppress weeds, outcompeting them for sunlight, water, and nutrients, thereby reducing the need for herbicides. Their ability to thrive with minimal watering also makes them ideal for challenging landscapes or areas that are difficult to access for regular care.
How do I choose the best drought-tolerant ground cover for my specific needs?
Selecting the right drought-tolerant ground cover involves considering several key factors about your planting site and desired outcome. Assess your soil type, the amount of sunlight your area receives (full sun, partial shade, or full shade), and your climate zone. Understanding these conditions will help you narrow down the vast array of drought-tolerant options to those most likely to thrive. For instance, some succulents prefer full sun and sandy soil, while others like creeping thyme can tolerate some shade and are more adaptable to different soil types.
Consider the aesthetic you’re aiming for as well. Do you want a low, mat-forming plant like sedum for a modern look, or a more textured ground cover like creeping juniper for a natural feel? Think about how quickly you need the ground cover to establish and spread, and if you require any specific characteristics like deer resistance or the ability to withstand foot traffic. Researching plants known for their hardiness and suitability for your specific regional conditions will ensure a successful and long-lasting planting.
What are some popular examples of drought-tolerant ground cover plants?
Several popular and effective drought-tolerant ground covers are widely available and well-suited for various landscapes. Sedums, particularly the low-growing varieties like ‘Angelina’ or ‘Dragon’s Blood,’ are succulent plants that store water in their leaves and thrive in hot, dry conditions with excellent drainage. Creeping thyme varieties, such as Thymus serpyllum, are aromatic and form a dense, low carpet that can tolerate some foot traffic and bloom with small flowers in warmer months.
Other excellent choices include various types of succulents and ornamental grasses. For instance, sempervivums (hens and chicks) are incredibly hardy and come in a wide range of colors and textures, perfect for rock gardens or borders. Low-growing junipers, like Juniperus horizontalis cultivars, offer evergreen foliage and excellent drought tolerance, making them ideal for slopes or sandy areas. Additionally, ornamental grasses like Blue Fescue (Festuca glauca) can add texture and color while requiring minimal watering once established.
What are the basic planting and care requirements for drought-tolerant ground cover?
The initial planting of drought-tolerant ground cover is crucial for its long-term success, even though their care needs are minimal. Prepare the soil by ensuring good drainage, as many drought-tolerant plants are susceptible to root rot in waterlogged conditions. This might involve amending heavy clay soils with compost or sand. Space the plants according to their mature size to allow for proper growth and coverage. Water them thoroughly after planting to help establish their root systems.
Once established, the care requirements are significantly reduced. Watering should be infrequent and deep, allowing the soil to dry out completely between waterings. The frequency will depend on your climate and the specific plant species. Fertilizing is generally not necessary or should be done sparingly, as excessive nutrients can lead to weaker growth. Regular monitoring for any signs of stress, disease, or invasive weeds is still recommended, but overall, these plants are designed to thrive with neglect rather than constant attention.
Can drought-tolerant ground cover be used in shaded areas?
While many drought-tolerant plants are known for their sun-loving nature, there are indeed options suitable for shaded or partially shaded areas. These plants have adapted to environments where water may be less readily available due to the reduced evaporation caused by shade. Look for species that are native to woodland understories or those that tolerate dry shade conditions. Many varieties of ferns, hostas, and some ground-hugging sedges can be excellent choices for these scenarios.
When selecting ground cover for shade, it’s important to ensure that the shade is not excessively dense or permanently damp, as this can still lead to issues like fungal diseases even for drought-tolerant species. Consider plants that naturally thrive in dappled sunlight or light shade. Some low-growing Ajuga (Bugleweed) varieties, for example, can tolerate partial shade and provide attractive foliage. Carefully researching the specific light requirements of each plant is key to success in shaded, water-conscious landscaping.
How do I prepare my soil for drought-tolerant ground cover?
Proper soil preparation is a critical step for ensuring the success and longevity of drought-tolerant ground cover, even though their needs are less demanding than many other plants. The primary goal is to ensure excellent drainage, as most drought-tolerant species are highly susceptible to root rot in persistently wet conditions. Begin by removing any existing weeds or grass and loosening the soil to a depth of at least 6-8 inches.
If you have heavy clay soil, amending it with organic matter like compost or well-rotted manure can improve its structure and drainage. For sandy soils, incorporating compost can help retain some moisture and nutrients. For plants that prefer very lean or rocky soil, minimal amendment might be best. Regardless of your soil type, ensure the area is level or properly graded to prevent water from pooling around the roots of your new ground cover.
Are drought-tolerant ground covers suitable for regions with very hot summers?
Yes, drought-tolerant ground covers are exceptionally well-suited for regions experiencing very hot summers, as their genetic makeup has equipped them to withstand prolonged periods of heat and dryness. These plants often possess adaptations such as deep root systems to access moisture lower in the soil profile, waxy coatings on their leaves to reduce water loss, or the ability to go dormant during extreme heat and revive when conditions improve.
In such climates, selecting varieties known for their heat tolerance and providing adequate initial watering for establishment are key. Once established, their low water needs will significantly reduce the burden on irrigation systems and the gardener. Plants like Sedums, Ice Plants (Delosperma), and certain low-growing ornamental grasses are particularly resilient in scorching summer temperatures and are excellent choices for creating beautiful, water-wise landscapes in hot climates.