Finding a buried water well head can be a frustrating but necessary task. Whether you’re buying a property, restoring an old system, or simply need to access the well for maintenance, knowing how to locate it safely and efficiently is crucial. This comprehensive guide will walk you through the process, covering everything from initial research to practical digging techniques.
Understanding Why Well Heads Get Buried
Well heads can become buried for several reasons. Over time, soil erosion, landscaping changes, and the accumulation of debris can obscure the well head from view. In some cases, the well head might have been intentionally buried to protect it from freezing temperatures or vandalism, though this practice isn’t generally recommended due to accessibility issues. Older wells, especially those predating modern regulations, might have been buried simply because standards were different then. Regardless of the reason, locating a buried well head requires a systematic approach.
Initial Research and Preparation
Before you start digging, gathering as much information as possible is essential. This pre-digging research can save you time, effort, and potential damage.
Checking Property Records and Deeds
Your first step should be to consult property records and deeds. These documents may contain information about the location of the well, including plat maps, well permits, or descriptions within the property’s legal description. Visit your local county clerk’s office or access online databases to search for these records. Look for keywords like “well,” “water well,” “potable water source,” or any similar terms that might indicate the presence of a well on your property. Even seemingly insignificant details in these documents can provide clues to its whereabouts.
Contacting Previous Owners or Neighbors
If property records are inconclusive, try reaching out to previous owners or long-time neighbors. They might have firsthand knowledge of the well’s location, even if it’s been years since they last saw it. Personal accounts can be invaluable, offering details not found in official documentation. Don’t hesitate to ask specific questions about the well’s history, its usage, and any maintenance work that was performed.
Consulting with Local Well Drillers and Inspectors
Local well drillers and inspectors possess a wealth of knowledge about well systems in your area. They may have records of wells that were drilled in the past or be familiar with common well locations in the region. They can also provide insights into the typical depth and construction of wells in your area, which can help you narrow down your search. Be prepared to provide them with your property address and any information you’ve already gathered.
Examining the Landscape for Clues
Carefully examine the landscape for visual clues that might indicate the presence of a buried well head. Look for subtle depressions in the ground, patches of unusually lush vegetation (which could indicate a leak), or the presence of pipes or wires emerging from the ground. Pay attention to the topography of the land and consider where a well might have been logically placed based on water sources and accessibility. Sometimes, the ground may be slightly different color in the area where the well is buried.
Using Technology to Aid Your Search
In addition to traditional methods, several technologies can help you locate a buried well head.
Metal Detectors
Metal detectors can be effective in locating well heads, especially if they are made of metal or have metal components. However, keep in mind that metal detectors can also pick up on other buried metal objects, such as pipes, fences, or debris. Therefore, it’s essential to carefully interpret the signals and differentiate between potential well locations and other metal sources. Use a high-quality metal detector and sweep the area systematically, marking any potential locations with flags or paint.
Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a more advanced technology that uses radio waves to create an image of the subsurface. GPR can detect buried objects, including well casings, pipes, and even the water table. While GPR equipment can be expensive to rent or purchase, it can be a valuable tool for locating well heads in challenging situations. Consider hiring a professional GPR technician to conduct a survey of your property. They will have the expertise to interpret the data and identify potential well locations.
Dowsing (Water Witching)
While controversial, some people have success using dowsing, also known as water witching, to locate underground water sources. Dowsing involves using rods or a pendulum to detect the presence of water. While there’s no scientific evidence to support its effectiveness, some people swear by it. If you’re interested in trying dowsing, research the technique thoroughly and approach it with an open but skeptical mind. It is always advisable to verify the results of dowsing with other methods.
The Digging Process: A Step-by-Step Guide
Once you’ve identified potential locations, it’s time to start digging.
Safety First: Call Before You Dig
Before you put a shovel in the ground, call your local “Call Before You Dig” hotline. This free service will notify utility companies to mark the locations of underground utilities, such as gas lines, power cables, and communication lines. Digging without knowing the location of these utilities can be extremely dangerous and can result in serious injury or property damage. In the USA, this is typically done by calling 811.
Start with a Small Area
Begin by digging a small area around the suspected location. Use a shovel or trowel to carefully remove the soil, being mindful of any pipes or wires you might encounter. Avoid using heavy machinery, as it could damage the well head or other underground infrastructure. Start with a circle of approximately 3 feet in diameter.
Dig Carefully and Methodically
As you dig, carefully examine the soil for any signs of disturbance or unusual materials. Look for changes in soil color, texture, or composition. If you encounter any pipes or wires, stop digging immediately and investigate further. If you’re unsure about the nature of the object, contact a qualified professional for assistance. Gradually increase the size of the excavation area as needed, but always maintain a safe distance from the suspected well location.
Use a Probe to Locate the Well Head
Once you’ve dug down a few feet, use a probe to feel for the well head. A probe can be a long metal rod or a specialized well-locating tool. Carefully insert the probe into the ground at various points within the excavation area, feeling for any solid objects. If you encounter resistance, carefully dig around the object to determine if it’s the well head.
Be Patient and Persistent
Finding a buried well head can be a time-consuming and challenging process. Don’t get discouraged if you don’t find it right away. Be patient, persistent, and continue to use the techniques described in this guide. Remember to take breaks and stay hydrated, especially if you’re working in hot weather.
What to Do Once You Find the Well Head
Congratulations, you’ve found the buried well head! Now what?
Assess the Condition of the Well Head
Carefully assess the condition of the well head. Look for signs of damage, such as cracks, corrosion, or leaks. Check the well cap to make sure it’s securely in place and properly sealed. If you find any damage, contact a qualified well driller or repair technician for assistance.
Clean the Area Around the Well Head
Remove any debris or vegetation that has accumulated around the well head. Clean the area thoroughly to prevent contamination of the well water. Be careful not to introduce any chemicals or pollutants into the well.
Protect the Well Head
Once you’ve cleaned the area, take steps to protect the well head from future damage. Consider installing a well head extension to raise the well head above ground level. This will make it easier to access the well for maintenance and prevent it from becoming buried again. You can also install a protective cover or enclosure to shield the well head from the elements and prevent vandalism.
Test the Water Quality
After locating and cleaning the well head, it’s essential to test the water quality to ensure it’s safe to drink. Contact your local health department or a certified laboratory to arrange for water testing. The tests will identify any contaminants in the water, such as bacteria, nitrates, or heavy metals. If the water quality is not up to standards, take steps to treat the water or find an alternative water source.
Maintaining Your Well Head
Regular maintenance is crucial to ensure the longevity and proper functioning of your well system.
Regular Inspections
Conduct regular inspections of the well head to check for any signs of damage or wear. Look for cracks, leaks, corrosion, or any other problems. Address any issues promptly to prevent them from escalating.
Well Cleaning and Disinfection
Periodically clean and disinfect your well to remove bacteria and other contaminants. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for your well system or consult with a qualified well technician.
Professional Maintenance
Schedule regular professional maintenance of your well system. A qualified well technician can inspect the well, test the water quality, and perform any necessary repairs or maintenance. This will help ensure that your well system is operating efficiently and safely.
Finding a buried well head can be a challenging undertaking, but with the right knowledge and tools, it’s definitely achievable. By following the steps outlined in this guide, you can successfully locate your well head, assess its condition, and take the necessary steps to protect it for years to come. Remember to prioritize safety and consult with qualified professionals whenever necessary.
What are the initial steps to take when searching for a buried water well head?
Before you start digging, gather information and conduct thorough research. Begin by consulting property records, deeds, or previous homeowner disclosures. These documents may contain details about the well’s location, including its approximate coordinates or a site map. Additionally, check with local health departments or water resource agencies as they often maintain records of well locations and permits issued for well construction or abandonment.
Next, walk the property systematically, looking for any clues that might indicate the well’s presence. Pay attention to areas with unusually green vegetation, which could suggest a water source below. Look for subtle depressions or mounds in the ground, indicating possible disturbances from previous excavation. Also, be mindful of any existing plumbing entering the house, as the entry point might provide a general direction to follow back towards the well location. Remember, safety is paramount; always contact utility companies to mark underground lines before digging.
What tools and equipment are recommended for locating a buried well head?
Several tools can aid in the search for a buried well head. A metal detector is highly effective in locating metal well casings or pipes. Start with a wide sweep of the suspected area, gradually narrowing the search based on the metal detector’s readings. A probe rod, a long, thin metal rod, can be used to carefully penetrate the soil and feel for the well casing. Use caution to avoid damaging any underground utilities.
Additionally, a shovel and trowel are essential for carefully excavating around potential locations. A garden hose can be useful for gently washing away soil to reveal the well head without damaging it. A GPS device or smartphone app can help mark potential locations and create a search grid for systematic coverage of the property. Finally, document your progress with photographs and notes to keep track of your findings.
How can I identify the well head once I’ve located a potential area?
Once you suspect you’ve found the location of the well head, carefully excavate around the area with a shovel and trowel. Be gentle to avoid damaging the well casing or any connected pipes. Gradually remove the soil until you expose a circular concrete or metal casing. The well head is typically a capped or sealed opening at the top of this casing.
Inspect the well head for any identifying markings, such as a well ID number or the name of the well drilling company. These markings can help confirm that you’ve located the correct well. If the well head is buried deep, you may need to excavate further, being careful not to compromise the surrounding soil structure. Remember to consult with a qualified well contractor if you are unsure or uncomfortable proceeding.
What are the common reasons why a water well head might be buried?
There are several reasons why a water well head might be buried. Over time, soil erosion or landscaping activities can gradually cover the well head with layers of dirt and debris. This is especially common in areas with heavy rainfall or significant soil movement. Furthermore, previous owners may have intentionally buried the well head for aesthetic reasons or to prevent accidental damage, often covering it with soil and vegetation.
Another reason is improper well abandonment. Although regulations typically require proper sealing and capping of abandoned wells, sometimes old wells are simply covered with soil without following proper procedures. This can be hazardous and can contaminate groundwater. Finally, construction activities or additions to the property might unintentionally bury the well head, making it difficult to locate without careful investigation.
What are the potential dangers of digging near a buried well head?
Digging near a buried well head can present several dangers. You could unintentionally damage the well casing or any connected pipes, leading to costly repairs and potentially compromising the water supply. Hitting underground utilities, such as electrical lines or gas pipes, is a significant risk. Always call 811 before digging to have utilities marked.
Furthermore, disturbing the soil around the well head can compromise its integrity and increase the risk of contamination. If the well is not properly sealed, digging around it can allow surface water and pollutants to enter the well, contaminating the water source. Finally, there is a risk of injury from unstable soil or falling debris while excavating. Exercise caution and wear appropriate safety gear, such as gloves and eye protection.
How can I protect the well head once it’s been located and uncovered?
After locating and uncovering the well head, it’s crucial to protect it from damage and contamination. Ensure the well head is properly capped or sealed to prevent debris, insects, and surface water from entering the well. A secure, watertight cap is essential to maintain the water quality and prevent the spread of bacteria or other contaminants.
Consider building a small well house or constructing a protective barrier around the well head to shield it from the elements and accidental damage. This can be a simple concrete pad or a more elaborate structure, depending on your needs and budget. Ensure the well head remains accessible for maintenance and inspection. If the well head is below ground level, consider raising it to prevent future burial and improve accessibility.
When should I consult a professional well contractor?
Consulting a professional well contractor is advisable in several situations. If you’re unable to locate the well head after a thorough search, a contractor with specialized equipment and experience can assist you. They can use advanced techniques, such as ground-penetrating radar, to pinpoint the well’s location accurately.
Furthermore, if you suspect the well is abandoned or improperly sealed, a well contractor can assess the situation and recommend appropriate solutions to ensure the safety of the water supply and prevent groundwater contamination. They can also perform necessary repairs or upgrades to the well head, ensuring it meets current safety and environmental standards. If you are uncomfortable performing any of the tasks yourself, always seek professional help.